Seventh-day Adventism

Size

About 24.4 million baptized members worldwide (2025), with the church's own reporting acknowledging a substantial gap between baptisms recorded and members retained. OFFICIAL POLICY · GC statistical report

Who's in charge

The president of the General Conference (the church's world governing body) is Erton Köhler, elected on 4 July 2025 at the General Conference session in succession to Ted N. C. Wilson, who had held the office since 2010.

Chosen by

Delegates from every division (the church's world regions) choose the president, voting in session roughly every five years.

Removable by

The session can remove the president, and it has replaced presidents. This row is the strongest in the entire codex.

Money in one line

Tithe here is unusually structured and unusually opaque at the point where it matters. Ten percent goes not to the local congregation but upward to the conference (the regional body that employs the pastors of a group of churches), which pays pastors' salaries; the local church is funded separately by offerings. That means the money a member gives is deliberately separated from the church they can see, and pastoral employment depends on a body the congregation does not control.

Leaving in one line

Leaving is legally free and, in the concentrated communities, occupationally expensive: where the hospital, the university, and the school are all Adventist, a change of belief can be a change of career.

Evidence

Fourteen of the 30 techniques are sourced to a named document. The grades are Codified 7, Taught 6, Cultural 15 and Reformed 2.

The unanswered question

The church commissioned a study of Ellen White's writings, published its finding of extensive literary dependence (her unattributed borrowing from other authors), and changed nothing about how the prophetic claim is taught. What was the study for?

Disclosure scorecard

• P
  Accounts publishedPartial
• N
  Leaders' payNo
• Y
  Safeguarding policyYes
• P
  Police firstPartial
• Y
  Removal procedureYes
• P
  Replies on recordPartial

Y Yes — established from a public source · P Partial — true of some parts of the tradition, or true in some jurisdictions · N No — not established from any public source · ? Not assessable — no institutional apex exists to assess

Marisol · A Friday in September · Loma Linda, California

She closes her laptop at four so the Sabbath (Saturday, kept from sundown on Friday) does not catch her working, and there is a real peace in that, the kind of peace you cannot buy — a full day where nobody can ask her for anything. She would not trade it. She knows people who envy it and she thinks they are right to.

Her father worked forty years at the hospital and her mother taught at the academy (the Adventist secondary school). The tithe went to the conference every month of her childhood and she has never once seen a figure for what the conference did with it, and it has never once occurred to her to ask, and she notices this week that those two facts sit next to each other oddly.

In Sabbath School (the weekly Bible-study class) someone asks about the investigative judgment (the doctrine that since 1844 believers' lives have been under review in a heavenly court) — about whether the 1844 date really means what the pioneers said it meant. The teacher says it is settled and moves on, warmly, and the room relaxes, and Marisol notices that the relaxing is the answer.

She looks up Desmond Ford that afternoon, because the name came up once and nobody explained it. A theologian, a hearing at a place called Glacier View in 1980, his ministerial credentials withdrawn. She reads that he kept attending Adventist churches for the rest of his life. She does not know what to do with that and she does not close the tab.

Her cousin's wife is a pastor in a union (a regional grouping of conferences) that ordains women, and the General Conference voted in 2015 that it may not, and there are committees about compliance now, and at family dinner nobody mentions it while everybody knows. Marisol thinks: we have a word for a room where everyone knows and nobody says. She does not say the word.

At sundown they sing, and the singing is genuinely beautiful, and her father's face is the face of a man who is where he belongs. Marisol wants that. She also wants to know what happened at Glacier View. She has not yet worked out whether those are two wants or one.

The unanswered question

The widest gap between word and record

One cost of leaving, beside its denial

The strongest objection, answered

The objection. You have picked a church with hospitals, universities, an elected leadership, no shunning, and one of the best health records in the world, and you are treating a doctrinal disagreement from 1980 as if it were abuse.

What is true in it. Most of that is true and this page records it as true — several rows here come out better than anywhere else in the codex. The officers are elected and have been replaced by vote. There is no shunning doctrine. The church commissioned research into its own founder's writings and published findings that hurt. Loma Linda is in the longevity literature.

The answer. None of which touches the specific finding: a claim was made in 1844, publicly falsified, and then relocated to a place where it could not be checked — and when a credentialed theologian checked it anyway, the institution reaffirmed the doctrine in published statements and withdrew his credentials; it has never said what evidence would have counted against it 18. Every other item on this page grows in that shade. A church this well-governed and this transparent about its money is precisely the one that could answer the question, which is why it is worth asking here rather than dismissing.

• Healthy practice here has an officer who can be voted out, on a published schedule, by delegates the members chose. This tradition already has that practice, and most of this codex lacks it.
• It has a Sabbath School class where the investigative judgment can be questioned and the teacher answers rather than moves on.
• It has a history curriculum that includes the 1919 Bible Conference, the Veltman study (the church-commissioned study of Ellen White's literary sources), and Glacier View, taught to members as ordinary facts about their own movement.
• It has congregations that can obtain a plain statement of what they sent upward and what was purchased.
• It offers health teaching as wisdom rather than righteousness, with pastors who notice when diet has become scrupulosity (obsessive fear of having sinned).
• It has ministerial credentials that cannot be withdrawn for asking a question in good faith and in public.

Some of that standard is already on the record. In July 2025 delegates in session elected a new president in succession to a fifteen-year incumbent 1. The 2015 vote on women's ordination was taken openly and its count published 3. The church commissioned the Veltman study of Ellen White's sources, and its conclusions were published in Ministry magazine 56. In the United Kingdom the British Union Conference files public accounts 11, and after the Davenport losses conflict-of-interest forms became a yearly requirement 12. Each is a place where the institution met the standard this page applies, and each is recorded here as credit.

Adventism was born from a specific, dated, public failure. William Miller and his followers taught that Christ would return in 1844; on 22 October that year, tens of thousands of people gave away property, settled debts, and waited. Nothing happened. It is called the Great Disappointment, and it is the movement's honest name for it. What followed is the movement's founding intellectual act: rather than abandoning the date, a group reinterpreted it — Christ had not returned to earth but had entered the heavenly sanctuary to begin an 'investigative judgment.' The event was relocated from the visible world to an invisible one, where it could not be checked. Ellen G. White's visions confirmed the reinterpretation, and her prophetic authority became the movement's load-bearing wall. From that beginning grew something genuinely remarkable: a worldwide health, education, and publishing network, a vegetarian tradition that anticipated modern nutrition science by a century, and a Loma Linda population that appears in longevity research as one of the world's healthiest communities.

Timeline

1. 22 October 1844The Great Disappointment — the Millerite date passes and Christ does not returnIt was the movement's founding falsification, and it was publicly acknowledged. What the movement did next is the subject of the rest of this page.
2. 1844–1850sHiram Edson's sanctuary insight; the investigative-judgment doctrine forms; Ellen White's visions begin and confirm itA failed prediction is relocated to an unobservable realm. The claim survives by becoming untestable — the single most important structural move in this tradition. ACADEMIC SOURCE
3. 1863The General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists is organized in Battle Creek, MichiganThe movement chooses representative structure with elected officers — the decision that gives this tradition a genuinely removable apex, unlike most pages in this codex.
4. 1866–1900sThe Western Health Reform Institute becomes the Battle Creek Sanitarium under John Harvey Kellogg; the health message spreadsThe credit side of the ledger begins: a real and early contribution to nutrition, sanitation, and preventive medicine.
5. 1907Kellogg is expelled from the church after doctrinal and institutional conflict; Battle Creek is lostIt was the first demonstration that the structure would separate from its most famous institution rather than lose control of doctrine.
6. 1919The Bible Conference debates the nature of Ellen White's inspiration; the transcripts are then filed away and not published for decadesLeaders privately discussed the limits of the prophetic claim and did not tell the members. The transcripts resurfaced in the 1970s. ACADEMIC SOURCE
7. 1970sMerikay Silver's equal-pay litigation against Pacific Press; the church's denominational pay practices are challenged in US federal courtA member used civil law against the institution's employment practice and the courts engaged. COURT RECORD
8. 1980Glacier View: theologian Desmond Ford challenges the investigative-judgment doctrine and has his ministerial credentials withdrawnThe tradition's clearest documented case of what happens to a credentialed insider who tests the load-bearing claim in public. Ford attended Adventist churches for the rest of his life. OFFICIAL POLICY
9. 1982Walter Rea publishes The White Lie, documenting extensive unattributed literary borrowing in Ellen White's writings; a church-commissioned study by Fred Veltman later confirms substantial dependence in The Desire of Ages (her book on the life of Christ)The institution's own commissioned research confirmed the substance of a critic's charge — a genuinely creditable act, and one whose implications for the prophetic claim were never squarely faced in public. ACADEMIC SOURCE
10. 1980sThe Davenport affair: church entities lose substantial funds in the collapse of a member's investment scheme; internal reviews followIt was a financial failure that led the church to enforce conflict-of-interest declarations at every level of the denomination. FINANCIAL RECORD
11. 2015The General Conference session in San Antonio votes against allowing divisions to authorize the ordination of womenA representative body voted, which is more than most institutions in this codex can say — and it voted to keep an exclusion that several of its own unions had already ended.
12. 2016–2018'Compliance' committees are established to address unions ordaining women; the mechanism is contested across the church's own governance bodiesThe apparatus turns inward on its own elected regional bodies — accountability machinery used to enforce rather than to examine.
13. 2025The General Conference session elects Erton Köhler as president, succeeding Ted N. C. Wilson after fifteen yearsIt was a peaceful, contested, scheduled transfer of the highest office. Almost nowhere else in this codex does that sentence appear.

Moments in the room

Seventh-day Adventism is one unified worldwide organization under the General Conference. It also has historical offshoots, among them the Davidians and the Branch Davidians, which the church disavows and which are frequently and unfairly used to characterize it.

Size and shape

Authority

• The General Conference in session is the highest authority, and it is genuinely representative: delegates from around the world elect the president and officers at a session held roughly every five years, and the office has changed hands by vote. On the codex's central question — who can remove the person at the top — this tradition answers better than nearly every other page here, and that should be said plainly.
• Beneath the vote sits a claim that no vote reaches: Ellen G. White's writings are held as the 'lesser light,' authoritative but subordinate to scripture. In practice her writings settle disputes, and a member who challenges their authority is challenging the movement's foundation rather than an opinion.
• The 28 Fundamental Beliefs are the doctrinal boundary, and ministerial credentials are held by conferences and unions — which is where the real disciplinary power sits, and where Desmond Ford's was withdrawn.

The top of the chain

Who holds what

Succession watch

Who can compel an answer

Uniquely in this codex, start inside: the General Conference session, the union constituency meetings, and the elected executive committees are real bodies with real power that members actually select. Outside, answers can be compelled by charity regulators where entities are registered, education authorities over the school system, health regulators and employment law over the hospital corporations, and the courts, where Merikay Silver's equal-pay litigation established that denominational employment practice is justiciable.

Where it comes from

• Tithe here is unusually structured and unusually opaque at the point where it matters. Ten percent goes not to the local congregation but upward to the conference, which pays pastors' salaries; the local church is funded separately by offerings. That means the money a member gives is deliberately separated from the church they can see, and pastoral employment depends on a body the congregation does not control.
• The system is professionally audited by the General Conference Auditing Service, and summary financial reports are produced — this is real, and it puts the tradition ahead of most in this codex. What is not routinely available to an ordinary member is a plain, local answer to a plain question: how much did this congregation send upward last year, and what specifically was it spent on.
• The health and education systems are enormous revenue enterprises. Their governance is corporate, their relationship to church governance is intricate, and executive compensation in the hospital systems is the single most reliably under-discussed number in Adventist life.
• Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA) work is substantial and independently evaluated in many jurisdictions — a genuine and checkable credit entry.

Follow the money

Money in numbers

• British Union Conference, 2025: Of £23.27m income, £16.16m came from donations and legacies, and spending was £20.29m 11. In 2024 income was £22.25m, of which £14.91m came from donations and legacies, and spending was £19.02m.
• The Davenport losses: Church entities had $17.8 million in loans and $3.3 million in accrued interest outstanding in 1981 12.
• Tithe goes to the conference, not the local congregation (see "Where it comes from" above).

Information

• The 1919 Bible Conference transcripts, in which leaders candidly discussed the limits of Ellen White's inspiration, were filed and effectively unavailable to members for roughly half a century. Members were not told what their leaders had said among themselves. ACADEMIC SOURCE
• The Veltman study, commissioned by the church, confirmed substantial literary dependence in The Desire of Ages. Commissioning it was creditable; its findings have never been integrated into how the prophetic claim is taught to ordinary members.
• The denominational press is substantial and the independent Adventist press — publications and forums run by members — is genuinely lively and critical. That independent sector is a real strength and is worth naming as one.
• Church school curricula present the movement's history in a form in which the 1919 conference, the Veltman findings, and Glacier View are largely absent.

Children

• The church school system is extensive and often academically strong; it is also the primary retention mechanism, and tuition is a significant recurring cost.
• Children are taught the investigative judgment — a doctrine in which one's life is under review in a heavenly court — at ages where it reliably produces scrupulosity. This is among the most consistently reported harms in former-member accounts. FORMER MEMBER TESTIMONY
• End-time and persecution teaching aimed at children produces documented anxiety, particularly around the 'time of trouble' (a period of persecution expected before Christ's return) and Sunday-law scenarios (the expectation that states will one day enforce Sunday worship).
• Sabbath observance shapes a child's entire social world — no Saturday sport, no Saturday activities — which builds a strong in-group and a narrow out-group by design.

Bodies

• Women were central from the founding: the movement's most authoritative voice was a woman, and Adventism ran on female labour, teaching, and writing from the beginning.
• The world church nevertheless voted in 2015 not to permit divisions to authorize women's ordination, and then created compliance machinery aimed at the regional bodies that had already done so. The founder's authority is unquestionable; women holding the founder's kind of authority is not.
• Merikay Silver's litigation in the 1970s established that denominational employment practices could be examined in a civil court — a member forcing the question the institution would not answer internally. COURT RECORD
• Modesty and health teaching are applied more intensively to women's bodies than to men's, and diet culture inside Adventism can shade into disordered eating in ways the health message is not equipped to notice.

Thirty named techniques from domestic-abuse and social-psychology research, applied to institutions, in the eight stages of the cycle. Each carries an evidence grade for this tradition.

All thirty at a glance

Stage 1 · Idealize

Stage 2 · Hook

Stage 3 · Devalue

Stage 4 · Confuse

Stage 5 · Isolate

Stage 6 · Extract

Stage 7 · Discard

Stage 8 · Replace

What they say, what the record shows

Accountability or theatre?

Last time the chair ran. It last ran in 1980, at Glacier View, and it ran against the theologian: the committee reaffirmed the doctrine and the only binding action fell on the man. In finance it has run more honestly: the Davenport affair produced real conflict-of-interest rules.

Who holds the chair now. The chair is genuinely occupied. An elected president and elected officers hold it, replaceable in session, most recently in 2025.

Prediction. On finance and governance, expect a real process with a published outcome — this structure does that. On the founding doctrinal claim, expect the chair to remain empty, because the claim was built where the chair cannot reach.

Words used here

What leaving costs

• Leaving is legally free and, in the concentrated communities, occupationally expensive: where the hospital, the university, and the school are all Adventist, a change of belief can be a change of career.
• There is no shunning doctrine and no formal disfellowshipping for simple non-attendance — an important and creditable difference from several neighbouring pages in this codex. The cost is social, familial, and professional rather than mandated.
• The heaviest reported burden is internal: an end-time framework and an investigative-judgment doctrine absorbed in childhood do not switch off when attendance stops, and health anxiety around diet often outlives belief.

The ledger of exit

How the cost is denied

Who benefits

• The conference and union administrative structures benefit, and their authority over pastors runs through payroll.
• The health-system corporations and their executives benefit, operating large revenue enterprises with governance that is intricate and rarely surfaced to members.
• The education system benefits, and it is both a genuine service and the movement's principal retention mechanism.
• The doctrinal structure itself benefits, because it rests on a claim built to be unobservable and therefore cannot be lost.

Money out, leverage back

• The hospitals, the universities, and ADRA are real, substantial, and in many places excellent. Loma Linda's longevity research is cited in mainstream science and the health message anticipated modern nutrition by a century. None of that is a cover story.
• It is nonetheless deployed as an answer to questions it does not answer. That a hospital system saves lives is not information about whether a theologian's credentials should have been withdrawn, or about what a congregation's tithe purchased.
• The parallel institution system also creates the exit cost. The same network that shelters a Sabbath-keeping minority from an indifferent world is the network a leaver has to resign from.

Who pays

• Members pay when they ask about the investigative judgment in a room where it is settled.
• Theologians and pastors pay, because they hold credentials that a conference can withdraw, the tradition's real disciplinary lever.
• Women called to ministry pay, told by a recorded vote of a representative body that the answer is no.
• Children pay, carrying scrupulosity from a doctrine in which their lives are under heavenly review.
• Employees in concentrated Adventist towns pay, because for them belief and livelihood share an address.

Where the weight lands

The costs in section 15 do not fall evenly. They fall hardest where a person has the least power inside the institution and the fewest places to go outside it. The table names who carries the most, how, and what makes it worse.

From The Children's Codex

• Education — Adventist and evangelical school-history curricula: Curricula across several traditions in this codex omit the institution's own documented controversies — the 1919 Bible Conference and the Veltman study in Adventism; the Gospel Topics material in its pre-2013 form for Latter-day Saint youth. The omissions are not disputed; they are simply not discussed.

Most of the institution's work is done below the General Conference, by people who see decisions without making them. Local pastors, church school teachers, conference treasurers, hospital administrators and union officers each carry part of the load, and each stands at one point where the next decision could be declined. The table sets out what each tier does, what it sees, what it is asked to do and where it could refuse.

It has been broken before

What would change this page

A published statement from the General Conference setting out what evidence would count against the investigative judgment, and the integration of the 1919 transcripts and the Veltman findings into the standard church-school history curriculum, would revise this page's core findings. Restoration of a critic's standing where the institution's own research later confirmed his claim would revise the discard section.

• Merikay Silver and Lorna Tobler. They were two women at the church's publishing house, Pacific Press, who took equal pay to federal court and won. The court held that Title VII applied to the church's publisher 13.
• Desmond Ford. A credentialed Adventist theologian, he challenged the investigative-judgment doctrine at Glacier View in 1980, and his ministerial credentials were withdrawn 8. He attended Adventist churches for the rest of his life.
• Walter Rea. He wrote The White Lie (1982), on Ellen White's use of other writers, having lost his church employment in 1980 after a newspaper reported his findings 8. The church's own commissioned study later found she used others' writings "consciously and intentionally" 56.
• The 977 delegates. In 2015 they voted to let each world division decide on ordaining women; 1,381 delegates voted against 3.

In closing

This page is unusual in this codex because several of its rows come out well. The officers here are elected and have been replaced by vote. There is no shunning doctrine. The church commissioned research into its own founder's writings and published findings that hurt. The hospitals and the schools are real, the relief work is independently evaluated, and the health message was right about diet before medicine was. An honest instrument has to be able to record that, and this one does.

What remains is narrower and older than any officer: a claim made in 1844 that was moved to a place where nobody could look, and has been protected ever since by withdrawing credentials from people who looked anyway. Everything else on this page — the tithe that flows past the congregation, the history the schools omit, the vote against women who were doing the work already — grows in the shade of that one unfalsifiable claim.

You do not have to leave to test it. Ask what evidence would have counted against the investigative judgment. Ask what the church's own study found. In a tradition this confident and this well-organized, those questions deserve documents — and they exist. Watch whether you are given them or moved past.

Practical guidance, not legal advice.

1. Leaving is legally free. You can ask your local church in writing to remove your name.
2. If you work for a church institution, get advice on your employment rights first; Title VII still protects most non-ministerial staff in the US against sex discrimination and retaliation 13, but religious employers may lawfully prefer members of their own faith 21.
3. Children in Adventist schools can move schools; the costs are social.
4. If you were abused, go to the police first.
5. Find support 141516.

Checked 2026-09-27.

1. North American Division, "Erton C. Köhler Elected as General Conference President" (4 July 2025 — 62nd GC Session, St. Louis; 1,721 of 1,909 votes; first South American; succeeds Ted N. C. Wilson, president since 2010). https://www.nadadventist.org/news/erton-c-kohler-elected-general-conference-president/
2. General Conference Office of Archives, Statistics and Research, 2024 Annual Statistical Report — 23,684,237 members at 31 Dec 2024. https://documents.adventistarchives.org/Statistics/ASR/ASR2024A.pdf
3. Adventist Review, "Delegates Vote 'No' on Issue of Women's Ordination" (8 July 2015, San Antonio: 1,381 to 977). https://adventistreview.org/news/gc-delegates-vote-no-on-issue-of-women-s-ordination/
4. Encyclopedia of Seventh-day Adventists, "Bible Conference of 1919" (M. W. Campbell) — transcripts sealed at A. G. Daniells' request; found in the archives on 6 Dec 1974; excerpts published by Spectrum in May 1979. https://encyclopedia.adventist.org/article?id=88Z2
5. Fred Veltman, Full Report of the Life of Christ Research Project (1988; General Conference–commissioned; 15 of 87 chapters of The Desire of Ages) — General Conference Archives. https://documents.adventistarchives.org/Resources/LOCRP/LOCRP-00_Pre.pdf
6. Ministry magazine, "The Desire of Ages project: the conclusions" (Dec 1990 — White used others' writings "consciously and intentionally"). https://www.ministrymagazine.org/archive/1990/12/the-desire-of-ages-project-the-conclusions
7. EEOC v. Pacific Press Publishing Ass'n, 535 F.2d 1182 (9th Cir. 1976) and 676 F.2d 1272 (9th Cir. 1982) — Merikay Silver and Lorna Tobler. https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/535/1182/23542/
8. Encyclopedia of Seventh-day Adventists — the Great Disappointment (22 Oct 1844); GC organized 1863; Battle Creek Sanitarium and J. H. Kellogg (disfellowshipped 1907); Glacier View (1980) and Desmond Ford; Walter Rea, The White Lie (1982); the Davenport affair. https://encyclopedia.adventist.org/
9. Seventh-day Adventist Church, 28 Fundamental Beliefs — No. 24, "Christ's Ministry in the Heavenly Sanctuary". https://www.adventist.org/beliefs/
10. Loma Linda and the Adventist Health Studies (a Blue Zone). https://adventisthealthstudy.org/

Further sources

11. Charity Commission for England and Wales, British Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists (charity 1044071), financial history 2020–2025. https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/en/charity-search/-/charity-details/1044071/financial-history
12. Encyclopedia of Seventh-day Adventists, "Davenport Scandal" — $71m missing; $17.8m in loans and $3.3m interest outstanding from church entities; the unpublished 624-page report. https://encyclopedia.adventist.org/assets/pdf/article-8IUU.pdf
13. EEOC v. Pacific Press Publishing Ass'n, 676 F.2d 1272 (9th Cir. 1982) — full text. https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F2/676/676.F2d.1272.80-4189.html
14. Recovering from Religion — (844) 368-2848. https://www.recoveringfromreligion.org/
15. Faith to Faithless (Humanists UK) — helpline 0800 448 0748 (freephone; Monday 10:00–13:00, Wednesday 10:00–13:00, Thursday 16:00–19:00 UK time). https://humanists.uk/faith-to-faithless/helpline/
16. International Cultic Studies Association (ICSA). https://internationalculticstudies.org/
17. NAPAC — 0808 801 0331. https://napac.org.uk/calling-our-support-line/
18. Adventist Record, "1975–1980: Towards Glacier View and its aftermath" (24 Aug 2023) — the Sanctuary Review Committee's consensus statements on the heavenly sanctuary and on the role of Ellen G. White's writings, and its statement of the differences between Ford's views and the consensus. https://record.adventistchurch.com/2023/08/24/1975-1980-towards-glacier-view-and-its-aftermath/
19. Ellen G. White Estate, "What is the Ellen G. White Estate?" — 15 trustees, five of them life members; the other ten serve terms matching General Conference terms; the General Conference funds the Estate and holds the royalties from White's books; the General Conference Executive Committee fills vacancies if the trustees do not. https://whiteestate.org/about/issues1/about-egw/estate/
20. General Conference Office of Archives, Statistics and Research, 2026 Annual Statistical Report (advance release) — 24,372,139 members at 31 Dec 2025; East-Central Africa 5,995,839, Southern Africa-Indian Ocean 4,542,514, West-Central Africa 1,099,312. https://adventistatlas.org/
21. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. §2000e-1(a) — the religious-organization exemption. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/2000e-1
22. Spectrum, "How Wilson was elected: a case study in reform" (2022) — the General Conference session due in 2020 was held in 2022. https://spectrummagazine.org/news/2022/how-wilson-was-elected-case-study-reform

• 2026-10-03: Corrected the account of Glacier View, which did publish statements reaffirming the doctrine; corrected how the Ellen G. White Estate's trustees are chosen and funded; updated the membership figure to 24.4 million (2025) and the Africa figure to nearly half; removed an unsupported claim about the 1919 transcripts; regraded three techniques and corrected the count of sourced ones; rewrote five loop summaries to match their steps; corrected which woman the 1982 court ruling concerned, the 2015 vote wording, Walter Rea's dismissal, the Title VII advice and the conflict-of-interest rules; added the 2025 British accounts and the 2022 session date.
• 2026-09-27: Added Branches, Law & state, Money in numbers (British Union Conference accounts 2020–2024), three documented cases, Voices from inside, Leaving safely and Where to get help.